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C4P Symposium18
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Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR)

Technology System: SCWR

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Parties (as of end of May 2006): Canada, Euratom, France, Japan, Korea, Switzerland, United States

Signed in July 2001 by Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Japan, Korea, South Africa, United Kingdom and United States. Signed in February 2002 by Switzerland and in July 2003 by Euratom.

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Summary report

Cover Outlook Gen IV 112
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The economic goals of Generation IV nuclear energy systems, as adopted by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF), are: • to have a life cycle cost advantage over other energy sources (i.e., to have a lower levelised unit cost of energy over their lifetime) • to have a level of financial risk comparable to other energy projects (i.e., to involve similar total capital investment and capital a... more

FAQ

EMWG FAQ

The total capital investment cost (TCIC) formula is used to determine if the financial risk of the advanced nuclear energy system is comparable to other energy projects. The cost of first fuel core is included in the TCIC.

EMWG FAQ

Where, Direct Cost: all costs to construct a permanent plant, excluding indirect costs Indirect Costs: All costs not directly associated with a specific permanent plant, ... more

EMWG FAQ question 3
What is levelised unit energy cost of electricity?

For a standard plant, the costs associated with non-generic licensing, capital investment, operation and maintenance of the energy plant, owner’s costs, ongoing refurbishment, fuel, waste disposal, and decommissioning the plant at the end of life, possibly including revenue offsets from byproduct production. Typically the four reported components of LUEC are (1) the capital component (recovery o... more

The Generation IV International Forum (GIF) Economic Modeling Working Group (EMWG) has created two main tools to assist with economic evaluation.

In 2007, the EMWG published the Cost Estimating Guidelines for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Sources. This document provides a uniform set of assumptions, a uniform Code of Accounts (COA) and cost-estimating guidelines to be used in developing cost es... more

The EMWG was established with a goal to identify a methodology and toolkit flexible enough to support the analysis of a wide variety of reactor technologies at different stages of development and technical maturity. As such the methodology can be used for any nuclear energy system and is not limited to Generation IV systems.

For capital costs, where sufficient detail exists G4ECONS-V3 allows r... more

A copy of the G4ECONS software can be obtained free of charge from the GIF Technical Secretariat at Nuclear Energy Agency (secretariat@gen-4.org).

The Cost Estimating Guidelines for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems can be downloaded from the GIF Website (https://www.gen-4.org/gif/jcms/c_42161/g4econs).

Economic assessments should be performed throughout the development process.

For initial concepts, a high level economic assessment can show areas with the greatest potential to reduce cost. This information can be used to direct design development. For more developed designs, a detailed cost estimate can be used to demonstrate the economic viability of the design to potential investors and en... more

G4ECONS has been requested by a number of nuclear organizations, including reactor developers, research laboratories and universities. The users of G4ECONS have published their work in conferences and in scientific journals. Some examples of economic assessments of nuclear systems using G4ECONS can be found in the following references.

References: • Kiyoshi Ono et al., “JAEA Sodium Cooled Fast... more

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has developed a suite of economic assessment tools some of which are being updated.

The Nuclear Energy (NESA) Economic Support Tool (NEST) allows the user to perform economic estimates of a reactor technology. In addition to the TCIC and LUEC, NEST models also calculate financial figures of merit such as Return on Investment (ROI) and Net Present V... more

A thorough benchmarking was performed between G4ECONS version 2 and the relevant NEST models. As a result of EMWG’s decision to ensure that G4ECONS is universally applicable, financial calculations such as NPV and ROI are not included. Therefore the benchmarking focused specifically on the two figures of merit: TCIC and LUEC. The analysis showed very good alignment with the two models with only ... more

In many OECD counties, the penetration of variable renewable energy sources is growing while demand for electricity is flattening. This can create an environment where residual electricity demand, after electricity from variable renewables has been despatched on a priority basis, could be lower than the baseload capacity of nuclear power plants. In a liberalized electricity market this can lead ... more

The levelised cost of electricity is the most common metric used to compare electricity generation technologies. It represents the average cost of each unit of electricity produced by a power plant, commonly reported in $/MWh. However, within the last decade some have argued that this figure is not a true representation of what that generation technology costs the consumer. As a result there is ... more

Operational flexibility is generally understood as the ability of the nuclear power plant to respond to the variability of demand from the grid while maintaining the power quality. The utility requirements in Europe and the United States for the new nuclear plants specify the operational flexibility requirements in terms of load following, power ramp rates, step changes in output, primary and se... more

Flexibility requirements mentioned above should be taken into consideration during the research and development stage of Gen IV systems. For example, the load following mode of operation could induce thermomechanical stresses and lead to accelerated ageing of the components and may require increased inspection and maintenance. Material selection and component and control system design should tak... more

Generation IV reactor systems are being developed to have improved built-in operational flexibility compared to current generation reactors. For example, the fast reactor concepts being developed as Generation IV systems would not have limitations of xenon poisoning of fuel at extended operation at lower load. The fast reactors would have a greater power density and higher fuel burn-up. For some... more

Nuclear plants are typically characterized by high capital cost and low variable costs. Therefore, the plants have to operate at full capacity to derive the full economic benefit. However, with the advent of abundant variable energy resources on the grid, the nuclear power plants may be required to operate in power modulating mode, with overall lower capacity factor, thus adversely impacting its... more

Co-generation is generally understood as the simultaneous production of electricity and thermal energy for heat; and is also called as combined heat and power (CHP) mode of operation. However, in some cases, production of radio-isotopes that make use of neutrons instead of thermal/electrical energy has also been referred to co-generation. There have been numerous low-temperature cogeneration app... more

Energy arbitrage occurs when storage is used to take advantage of a time-of-use pricing structure. During periods of low demand, the storage facility buys excess power at a low cost and stores it. Then during periods of high demand, when the price for electricity is higher, the storage facility will sell the stored electricity for a profit. Depending on the storage technology and time-of-use pri... more

Small modular reactors (SMRs) can offer unique economic advantages that are not possible with large nuclear reactors.

SMRs are designed in modules that can be fabricated in a factory and assembled on site. Although some components in large reactors can be modular, the small size of SMRs allow them to be completely modular. In some cases the entire integral reactor can be fabricated as a module... more

An economic analysis performed early in the design process can provide designers with valuable insights and information about key cost drivers for their design. This will help focus efforts to improve the cost competitiveness of the technology and reduce the need for rework later in the development process.

Yes, several of the Generation IV reactor concepts are SMRs, however, not all SMRs are Generation IV.

The Cost Estimating Guidelines for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems can be found on the EMWG website.

Copy of the G4ECONS v3.0 User Manual and a CD can be obtained by writing to the GIF Technical Secretariat. Training seminars are offered on request; please contact GIF Technical Secretariat (secretariat@gen-4.org).

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SCWR System Steering Committee

GR 2019BIS

Presentation by Messrs Hideki Kamide (Japan Atomic Energy Commission) and Sylvestre Pivet (French Atomic Agency (CEA)) at the IAEA conference on Climate Change and the Role of Nuclear Power, in Vienna on 9th October 2019.

Webcast of the workshop

Webcast of the workshop

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The Generation IV International Forum (GIF) is a co-operative international endeavour which was set up to carry out the research and development needed to establish the feasibility and performance capabilities of the next generation nuclear energy systems.

The Generation IV International Forum has fourteen Members which are signatories of its founding document, the GIF Charter.

The goals adopted ... more

Webcast of the workshop

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